చందమామ వయసు గుట్టు విప్పిన కొత్త పరిశోధన! - earth

చందమామ భూమాతకు తమ్ముడా.. అన్నయ్యా? ఇలా చిన్నపిల్లలు అడిగితే ఏదో చెప్పి తప్పించుకుంటాం. కానీ వారు అడిగే ప్రశ్నలో ఖగోళ రహస్యమే దాగుంది. అవును చంద్రుడి వయసు భూమి పుట్టుకను తెలుసుకునేందుకు దోహదపడుతుందని శాస్త్రవేత్తలు ఎప్పుడో చెప్పారు. అందుకు దశాబ్దాలుగా పరిశోధనలు జరుపుతున్నారు. ఇందులో భాగంగానే చందమామ వయసు ఇప్పటివరకు అనుకున్నదానికంటే 100 మిలియన్ ఏళ్లు ఎక్కువని తేలింది.

మామా వయసెంతో తెలిపిన కొత్త పరిశోధన!

Published : Jul 31, 2019, 5:31 AM IST

సౌర కుటుంబం ఏర్పడిన 50మిలియన్ సంవత్సరాల తర్వాత చంద్రమండలం ఏర్పడిందని సరికొత్త పరిశోధనలో తేలింది. ఇప్పటివరకు శాస్త్రవేత్తలు అంచనా వేసిన వయసుకన్నా ఎన్నో ఏళ్లు ఎక్కువ వయసు ఉంటుందని వారు కనుగొన్నారు.
తాజాగా జర్మనీలోని కలోన్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో జరిగిన పరిశోధనా ఫలితాల ప్రకారం దాదాపు 4.56 బిలియన్ ఏళ్ల క్రితమే చందమామ ఏర్పడినట్లు ఆధారాలున్నాయని తెలిసింది. ఇది వరకు సౌర కుటుంబం ఏర్పడ్డ 150 ఏళ్ల తర్వాతే చందమామ ఏర్పడిందని అంతా అనుకున్నారు. అయితే... సౌర కుటుంబం ఏర్పడిన 50 మిలియన్ ఏళ్లకే జాబిల్లి రూపుదాల్చిందని శాస్త్రవేత్తలు తాజాగా స్పష్టం చేశారు.
1969లో చంద్రుడిపై అడుగుపెట్టిన అపోలో మిషన్ బృందం 21.55కిలోల నమూనాలను భూమికి పట్టుకురాగా ఇప్పటికీ వాటిపై పరిశోధనలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.

"వివిధ కాలాల్లో ఏర్పడిన రాళ్లలోని రకరకాల రసాయన గుణాలను పోల్చిచూడడం ద్వారా చంద్రుడి అంతర్భాగం, ఘన పదార్థంగా మారిన తీరుకు సంబంధించిన అశాలు తెలుస్తాయి."
-రావుల్ ఫొన్సెకా, పరిశోధకుడు.

భూమాత పుట్టుక గురించి తెలుసుకోవడంలో చందమామ వయసు చాలా కీలకం. అందుకే ఈ పరిశోధనకు ఇప్పుడు ప్రాధాన్యం సంతరించుకుంది.

ఇదీ చూడండి:వేలితో కుస్తీ పోటీలు..మీరూ ఓ లుక్కేయండి

"వివిధ కాలాల్లో ఏర్పడిన రాళ్లలోని రకరకాల రసాయన గుణాలను పోల్చిచూడడం ద్వారా చంద్రుడి అంతర్భాగం, ఘన పదార్థంగా మారిన తీరుకు సంబంధించిన అశాలు తెలుస్తాయి."
-రావుల్ ఫొన్సెకా, పరిశోధకుడు.

ఇదీ చూడండి:వేలితో కుస్తీ పోటీలు..మీరూ ఓ లుక్కేయండి

LITHUANIA CHERNOBYL TOURISM
SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS / SKY/ NOW TV
RESTRICTIONS: AP CLIENTS ONLY / PART MUST CREDIT SKY / NOW TV / PART NO RE-USE/RE-SALE OF FILM CLIPS WITHOUT CLEARANCE
LENGTH: 7.52
SHOTLIST
Associated Press - AP Clients Only
Vilnius, Lithuania - 18 July 2019
1. Wide of soviet building block where some scenes of Chernobyl were filmed
2. Closeup on number of building block painted on wall
3. Walking shot following tourist visiting the scenes from Chernobyl
4. Mid of building
5. Mid of windows
6. Tourists walking
7. Tour guide speaking about impact of the explosion of Chernobyl in Vilnius
8. Close-up on tourist listening
9. Close-up on tourist
10. Tour guidance speaking
MUST CREDIT SKY / NOW TV - NO RE-USE/RE-SALE OF FILM CLIPS WITHOUT CLEARANCE
11. Extract of Chernobyl trailer showing shots taking from the neighbourhood in Vilnius
Associated Press - AP Clients Only
Vilnius, Lithuania - 18 July 2019
12. SOUNDBITE (English) Lynn Adams, tourist:
"It feels like you are stepping back into one of the scenes actually. It's very, very authentic. And I remember seeing about Chernobyl on the news, but I'm so much more interested in what happened and the events having seen the drama series. So I think it's kind of ignited an interest that I wasn't aware of at the time."
13. Children walking along the same path that appears in the TV series
14. Closeup on swing
Associated Press - AP Clients Only
Vilnius, Lithuania - 17 July 2019
15. SOUNDBITE (English) Inga Romanovskiene, General Manager at Go Vilnius agency:
"It's attracted people to Vilnius because a huge part of this film was filmed here in Vilnius, first of all, and the second one it's the Soviet aesthetic that is interesting. You can see here some locations that are not everywhere in the world (sic). This is the success maybe of this one."
MUST CREDIT SKY / NOW TV - NO RE-USE/RE-SALE OF FILM CLIPS WITHOUT CLEARANCE
16. Extract of Chernobyl trailer showing the aftermath of the explosion and shots of the nuclear power plant
Associated Press - AP Clients Only
Ignalina, Lithuania - 16 July 2019
17. Wide exterior of Ignalina nuclear power plant
18. Closeup on chimney
19. Mid of building
20. Mid of worker dressed in white entering a long corridor under the reactors
21. Closeup on worker tilt up for warming sign
22. SOUNDBITE (English) Jurgita Norvaisiene. Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Public Relations:
"During the tour, we only go to the second (control room) because we still have it working and we can display to more of our visitors how all the power plant was operated mainly from one control room. So I'm going to explain to you."
23. Tour guide walking into the nuclear power plant control room
24. Various closeups on screens and monitoring equipment
25. Tour guide talking
26. SOUNDBITE (English) Jurgita Norvaisiene. Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Public Relations: ++partially overlaid with shots of controls++
"So here you see the area which was mainly for operating our controlling the rods. Here in Ignalina power plant, our controlling rods were from Boron carbide. So by pressing the exact button you can see how deep it is inside the graphite stack or is it out of the main construction."
27. Pan over indicators
28. Engineer showing the "kill" buttons on the consoles
29. Engineer walking to another console showing another "kill" button
30. SOUNDBITE (Russian) Mikhail Nefdeyev, Chief Engineer, Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant :
"They made a good movie I guess. But what happened long ago does not bother us now. I think looking backwards is not good."
31. Closeup on panel indicating zero power output from the reactor
32. Tour guide walking into the reactor room
33. Closeup on the reactor - each square is the top of a fuel rod
34. Workers walking across reactor
35. Tilt up from reactor to workers
36. SOUNDBITE (English) Jurgita Norvaisiene. Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, Public Relations:
"The name of the reactor is RBMK 1500 megawatts. RBMK means, from the Russian language, Reactor Bolsjoj Mosjnosti Kanalnyj - reactor with huge capacity channel type. And when we say Ignalina power plant is the most powerful power plant in the world we mean the number of those channels we have and the capacity of electricity."
37. Tilt down over reactor room
38. Various of workers in reactor room
39. Closeup on warning sign
40. Pan over workers changing shift outside the plant
41. Closeup on workers leaving after their shift
42. Mid of power plant chimney
43. SOUNDBITE (English) Audrius Kamienas, Director of Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant:
"We feel a huge increase in interest in our site, especially because parts of of the mini series were filmed right here at the plant, so the interest is really really big and right now we are lining up people already close to Christmas in order to visit our site because of course we have a limited capacity to serve the so-called tourists, atomic tourists."
MUST CREDIT SKY / NOW TV - NO RE-USE/RE-SALE OF FILM CLIPS WITHOUT CLEARANCE
44. Various shots showing of the TV series showing rescue workers and rescue operation
Associated Press - AP Clients Only
Vilnius, Lithuania - 16 July 2019
45. Setup shot of Antanas Turcinas, survivor of Chernobyl liquidation team
46. SOUNDBITE (Russian) Antanas Turcinas, survivor of Chernobyl liquidation team:
"This movie has brought back old memories. Emotions are very strong, because in 1986 we did not understand what we faced. I am happy to be still alive. And I hope this buzz would make our government to take better care of the survivors."
47. Closeup on woman standing at her window and looking out
48. Pan over old Soviet style buildings
MUST CREDIT SKY / NOW TV - NO RE-USE/RE-SALE OF FILM CLIPS WITHOUT CLEARANCE
49. Clip of Chernobyl trailer
LEADIN
The Lithuanian capital Vilnius is experiencing a boom in tourists thanks to the hit TV series, Chernobyl.
For survivors of the nuclear disaster in 1986 the rise in interest brings back old memories.
STORYLINE
In the suburbs of Vilnius, a small group of tourists walk among the grey and dull building blocs from the Soviet era. Only large numbers painted on the side of these blocs distinguish one from another.
These buildings were a common sight across the Soviet Union, but in the past decades they had become a part of the city tourism officials preferred to hide.
The hit HBO series Chernobyl has changed all of that. Many locations featured in the drama were filmed in Vilnius, with the grey suburb a perfect set for Pripyat, the nuclear city that served the Chernobyl plant.
Special Chernobyl tours are now being organised, stopping at key locations from the series, but also explaining how the tragedy affected Lithuanians living here.
"It feels like you are stepping back into one of the scenes actually. It's very very authentic," says Lynn Adams from the UK.
"And I remember seeing about Chernobyl on the news but I'm so much more interested in what happened and the events having seen the drama series. So I think it has kind of ignited an interest that I wasn't aware of at the time."
Already a popular movie-making destination, Lithuania has benefited a lot from the HBO mini-series - foreign capital spent on filming here reached 45.5 million euros last year.
The tourism board now wants to capitalise on the interest in the old Soviet era.
"It's attracted people to Vilnius because a huge part of this film was filmed here in Vilnius, first of all, and secondly it's the Soviet aesthetic that is interesting. You can see here some locations that are not everywhere in the world (sic)," says Inga Romanovskiene, General Manager at Go Vilnius agency.
For the more adventurous atomic tourists a trip 160 kilometres (100 miles) north leads to Ignalina Power Plant. Nearly identical to Chernobyl, it's the place where many of the scenes inside the power plant were filmed, including the reactor and control room.
Small groups of visitors are given dosimeters, plastic helmets, white clothes and shoes before venturing into a maze of long, poorly lit corridors, reactor halls, turbine hangars and the control centre with the notorious AZ5 red button which was pushed just before the explosion.
The power plant was closed down in 2009  -  a condition Lithuania had to meet in order to join the European Union - but around 2,000 people still work here dismantling and handling the dangerous waste material.
"During the tour, we only go to the second (control room) because we still have it working and we can display to more of our visitors how all the power plant was operated mainly from one control room," says  Jurgita Norvaisiene from the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant public relations department.
Rows of blinking green lights on the control panel welcome tourists as they enter the control room.
"So here you see the area which is mainly for operating our controlling the rods. Here in Ignalina power plant, our controlling rods were from Boron carbide. So by pressing the exact button you can see how deep it is inside the graphite stack or is it out of the main construction," says Norvaisiene.
Watching over the controls is Mikhail Nefedyev, who has spent his entire career tending to the reactor. The engineer recalls that the RBMK type reactor blew up in Chernobyl around the same time as he started working on the reactor here in Lithuania. He says a perfect storm of errors led to the tragedy.
"They made a good movie I guess. But what happened long ago does not bother us now. I think looking backwards is not good."
Visitors are also able to walk into the reactor hall and stand on the reactor -  which in the TV series is shown with the rods violently shaking.
Ignalina could have been Chernobyl. Similar stress tests were sometimes held, but as the most powerful nuclear power plant in the world, the consequences could have been much worse.
"The name of the reactor is RBMK 1500 megawatts. RBMK means, from the Russian language, Reactor Bolsjoj Mosjnosti Kanalnyj - reactor with huge capacity channel type. And when we say Ignalina power plant is the most powerful power plant in the world we mean the number of those channels we have and the capacity of electricity," says Norvaisiene.
With constant radiation monitoring and the dismantling of the plant and nuclear waste ongoing, accommodating the hundreds of crew needed to film the TV show was no easy task.
Every piece of equipment had to be checked for contamination. But the director of the plant, Audrius Kamienas, says the staff were excited to be part of the project and today it has shed light on their work.
"We feel a huge increase in interest in our site, especially because parts of the mini-series were filmed right here at the plant, so the interest is really really big and right now we are lining up people already close to Christmas in order to visit our site because of course we have a limited capacity to serve the so-called tourists, atomic tourists."
But the scars of the past are still present.
Back in 1986 Lithuania, then part of Soviet empire, was one of the republics most affected by the nuclear disaster and thousands were sent to clean up the mess in Chernobyl. Most of them are dead now. For the survivors, there is irony in this gruesome event now helping Lithuania grow as a tourist destination.
Antanas Turcinas was among those sent to Chernobyl weeks after disaster. For him the mini series is a sign of hope.
"This movie has brought back old memories. Emotions are very strong, because in 1986 we did not understand what we faced. I am happy to be still alive. And I hope this buzz would make our government to take better care of the survivors."
The Chernobyl explosion released about 400 times more radiation than the U.S. atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima.The U.N. World Health Organisation says among the 600,000 people most heavily exposed to radiation at Chernobyl, 4,000 more cancer deaths than average are expected.
The final death toll from Chernobyl is subject to speculation, due to the long-term effects of radiation, but ranges from an estimate of 9,000 by the World Health Organisation to one of a possible 90,000 by the environmental group Greenpeace.
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