సన్నద్ధతపై మోదీతో భేటీ

సరిహద్దుల్లో సైన్య సన్నద్ధత వివరాలను త్రివిధ దళాధిపతులు ప్రధాని మోదీకి వివరించారు.

మోదీతో త్రివిధ దళాధిపతుల భేటీ

Published : Feb 27, 2019, 6:16 AM IST

భారత త్రివిధ దళాధిపతులు ప్రధాని నరేంద్రమోదీతో భేటీ అయ్యారు. సరిహద్దు భద్రతపై సైన్యం సన్నద్ధతను వివరించారు. అనంతరం జాతీయ భద్రతా సలహాదారు అజిత్ ఢోబాల్తో త్రివిధ దళాధిపతులు సమావేశమయ్యారు. ఎలాంటి పరిణామాలైనా ఎదుర్కోవడానికి సిద్ధంగా ఉన్నట్లు వివరించారు.

పాక్ భూభాగంలోని జైషే మహమ్మద్ ఉగ్రవాద తండాలపై భారత్ మెరుపుదాడులు నిర్వహించడం వల్ల ఇరుదేశాల మధ్య ఉద్రిక్త పరిస్థితులు నెలకొన్నాయి. భారత్ దాడులకు సమాధానంగా ప్రతీకార దాడులు చేస్తామని పాక్ బీరాలు పలుకుతోంది. దీంతో భారత సైనిక, నౌకా, వాయుదళాలు అప్రమత్తమయ్యాయి.
మరోవైపు పాక్ ప్రధాని ఇమ్రాన్ఖాన్ ఆ దేశ త్రివిధ దళాలు, జాతీయ భద్రతా కమిటీతో సమావేశమయ్యారు.

SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS
RESTRICTIONS: AP Clients Only
LENGTH: 5.31
SHOTLIST:
ASSOCIATED PRESS - AP Clients Only
New Haven, Connecticut  - 17 January 2019
1. Various of Ella Balasa using a nebulizer
2. SOUNDBITE: (English) Ella Balasa, cycistic fibrosis patient on phage therapy
"It's just really gotten worse and now you need oxygen all the time and I just can't seem to get rid of it. I've been on IV antibiotics for, now for weeks. And I just feel as sick as when it started."
3. Various of Balasa using a nebulizer
4. Various of Balasa putting medicine into container for her to inhale
5. SOUNDBITE: (English) Ella Balasa, cycistic fibrosis patient on phage therapy
"I had heard about phage therapy before but, I really didn't know much about it at all. And so I did some research and I thought that I needed to try this."
6. Various of Dr. Benjamin Chan working in lab with different cultures of phage at Yale University
7. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Benjamin Chan, Yale University
"Chemical antibiotics are their own arsenal. They're very different in that they get into a cell and then they disrupt some function. Right. And whether it's chopping up the  DNA, or stopping proteins are being made or whatever. That's how they've worked and phages kill in a completely different way. They basically stick onto the outside of the bacteria inject the DNA replicate themselves make more particles and then they burst open the bacteria. So they're two completely different, but not incompatible ways to kill bacteria. So you can use phages with antibiotics."
8. Various of Dr. Benjamin Chan working in lab with different cultures of phage at Yale University
9. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Benjamin Chan, Yale University
"So phages are very specific to the host they can kill, the bacteria they can kill right. So often times it's just one species of bacteria and even a few strains within one species of bacteria which has been you know good and bad in the development of ages. Right. So it's been really bad I guess because you know you have to know a little bit about the bacteria causing infection in order to kill it with a certain phage. Right. So historically phage sensitivity testing has not been done in parallel with chemical antibiotic sensitivity. But now we're at the point where we could do them simultaneously, and so we could just if we considered phages as a separate drug we could just test their sensitivity at the same time we test chemical antibiotics. Right. What's always really good about phages is their sensitivity also. Right. And that if you if you're drinking phages for whatever intestinal infection, or something they're not going to disrupt the entire microbiome. We're not like burning the whole population we're just finding the bad ones ideally and killing those."
10. Various of Chan at a New Haven Sewage plant demonstrating how he collects phages
11. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Benjamin Chan, Yale University
"So bacteria phage can be found anywhere that bacteria are found right. So especially for human infections we need human associated bacteria and the best places are often really dirty places, because we're dirty animals and so like the sewage is is great."
12. Various of Chan at a New Haven Sewage plant demonstrating how he collects phages
ASSOCIATED PRESS - AP Clients Only
Bethesda, Maryland, US - 31 January 2019
13. Various of Dr. Anthony Fauci at his desk
14. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Anthony Fauci, Immunologist, National Institutes of Health
"If you look at the projections over the next several years all indicators seem to point to the fact that this is going to get worse and worse for a variety of reasons because the underlying root cause of why we have antimicrobial resistance is not being adequately addressed to the fullest and also because the antibiotic industry of producing new candidates and new products that could replace those that are no longer usable because of resistance, falls far short of what is actually needed."
15. Various of Balasa with Chan and researcher at Yale doing phage therapy
16. Various of Balasa on nebulizer
17. SOUNDBITE: (English) Ella Balasa, cycistic fibrosis patient on phage therapy
"I really hope that it can help get my infection under control. To a point where I won't need even any sort of antibiotics for maybe a couple of months stretch. That would be interesting because I haven't had that in like I said years."
18. Various of Balasa with Chan and researcher at Yale doing phage therapy
LEADIN:
Before the discovery of penicillin almost a hundred years ago, doctors relied on other treatments to fight deadly infections.
Now after almost a century of overusing antibiotics many infections are resistant to drugs and doctors are again turning to treatments of the past to help patients who have no other recourse.
STORYLINE:
Bacteria lodged deep in Ella Balasa's lungs are impervious to most antibiotics.
Aged just 26, and gasping for breath, she's come here to Yale University to seek experimental treatment.
Balasa has a genetic disease called cystic fibrosis which has damaged her lungs which are infected with the bacterial superbug Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Until last year a daily dose of inhaled antibiotics kept the infection in check but suddenly, the drugs stopped working.
"It's just really gotten worse and now you need oxygen all the time and I just can't seem to get rid of it. I've been on IV antibiotics for, now for weeks. And I just feel as sick as when it started," says Balasa.
She learned of another cystic fibrosis patient helped by Yale's bacteriophage experiments and is here hoping to postpone her last option, a lung transplant.
Phages are viruses that discovered in the early 20th century.  Treatment with phages was originally developed to treat dysentery.
Each phage variety targets a different bacterial strain. They work very differently to traditional antibiotics.
Like a parasite, the virus infiltrates bacterial cells and uses them to copy itself, killing the bug as those copies pop out and search for more bacteria.
Once the infection's gone, the virus dies out. Because each phage only recognizes certain bacteria, it shouldn't kill off "good bugs" in the digestive tract like antibiotics do.
Balasa says: "I had heard about phage therapy before but, I really didn't know much about it at all. And so I did some research and I thought that I needed to try this."
Bacteria evolve to escape phages just like they escape antibiotics, but they generally make trade-offs to do so - such as losing some of their antibiotic resistance.
Yale biologist Benjamin Chan travels the world collecting phages and receives calls from desperate patients asking to try them.
Chan explains: "Chemical antibiotics are their own arsenal. They're very different in that they get into a cell and then they disrupt some function. Right. And whether it's chopping up the  DNA, or stopping proteins are being made or whatever. That's how they've worked and phages kill in a completely different way. They basically stick onto the outside of the bacteria inject the DNA replicate themselves make more particles and then they burst open the bacteria. So they're two completely different, but not incompatible ways to kill bacteria. So you can use phages with antibiotics."
Chan grew a sample of Balasa's bacteria from her phlegm.
Then came the key test: He dripped several pseudomonas-targeting phages into the grimy dish and clear circles began appearing as the viruses consumed the bugs around them.
At least 23,000 Americans die every year as a direct result of an antibiotic-resistant infection, and many more die from related complications, according to a 2013 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Chan explains how phages work:
"So phages are very specific to the host they can kill, the bacteria they can kill right. So often times it's just one species of bacteria and even a few strains within one species of bacteria which has been you know good and bad in the development of ages. Right. So it's been really bad I guess because you know you have to know a little bit about the bacteria causing infection in order to kill it with a certain phage. Right. So historically phage sensitivity testing has not been done in parallel with chemical antibiotic sensitivity. But now we're at the point where we could do them simultaneously, and so we could just if we considered phages as a separate drug we could just test their sensitivity at the same time we test chemical antibiotics. Right. What's always really good about phages is their sensitivity also. Right. And that if you if you're drinking phages for whatever intestinal infection, or something they're not going to disrupt the entire microbiome. We're not like burning the whole population we're just finding the bad ones ideally and killing those," he says.
Chan believes people's frustration with antibiotic resistance is boiling over and he travels the world collecting phages, some he collects at a sewage plant closer to home.
He explains: "So bacteria phage can be found anywhere that bacteria are found right. So especially for human infections we need human associated bacteria and the best places are often really dirty places, because we're dirty animals and so like the sewage is is great."
Dr. Anthony Fauci is an immunologist who works for the National Institutes of Health.
He says there are two reasons why the outlook for drug resistance is bad. Firstly we have abused antibiotics, using them too liberally, and the antibiotics industry has not reinvested in searching for replacements.
"If you look at the projections over the next several years all indicators seem to point to the fact that this is going to get worse and worse for a variety of reasons because the underlying root cause of why we have antimicrobial resistance is not being adequately addressed to the fullest and also because the antibiotic industry of producing new candidates and new products that could replace those that are no longer usable because of resistance, falls far short of what is actually needed," says Fauci.
Last month, Balasa became Yale's eighth patient, inhaling billions of phages over seven days.
She says: "I really hope that it can help get my infection under control. To a point where I won't need even any sort of antibiotics for maybe a couple of months stretch. That would be interesting because I haven't had that in like I said years."
Since the treatment Chan says Balasa is coughing up fewer bacteria. Without a formal study it's hard to know the long term future.
Chan's tests suggest phages killed much of her predominant pseudomonas strain and made the survivors sensitive again to a course of those antibiotics.
====
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సన్నద్ధతపై మోదీతో భేటీ

సరిహద్దుల్లో సైన్య సన్నద్ధత వివరాలను త్రివిధ దళాధిపతులు ప్రధాని మోదీకి వివరించారు.

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