The doctor narrowly escaped with minor injuries, they said.
The incident took place when the doctor working in a private hospital came to court in connection with a family dispute.
The nurse had developed personal enmity towards the doctor after they parted ways from a hospital where they worked together earlier, they said.
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The nurse, who was aware of his visit, had covered her head and face with a cloth and threw the acid contained in a bottle at the doctor in the court premises, police said.
Police took her into custody and admitted her to a government hospital suspecting that she might have had consumed the rest of the acid after the attack.
The condition of the nurse and the doctor is said to be stable.