Explained | Why Swachh Bharat Mission Fails To Deliver In Jammu And Kashmir

Locals and activists say that the SBM's success was 'limited on paper' while the on-ground situation remained 'unchanged'. Reports ETV Bharat's Mir Farhat

Srinagar:The Jammu and Kashmir Union territory has shown significant progress under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin (SBM-G) for ensuring cleaner rural localities and even declared the UT open defecation-free on August 15, 2023, a year before the deadline ended. However, locals and activists say that the SBM's success was “shown only on paper,” as the “on-ground situation remained unchanged.”

Aim Of The Mission

The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on Gandhi Jayanti in October 2014 with much fanfare to ensure a clean India by ending open defecation and managing solid and liquid waste under the sustainable development goals of the United Nations (UN). In rural areas, the scheme is being implemented by the Rural Development Department (RDD) and the Rural Sanitation Department (RSD).

In phase I launched between 2014 and 2019, the target of the mission was to construct toilets to end open defecation, and the RDD constructed 15 lakh plus toilets by the end of October 2, 2018.

The aim of the second phase, between 2019 and 2025, was to ensure visual cleanliness by achieving disposal of greywater and solid waste management across the UT, which was achieved a year before the deadline on August 15.

Lack Of Funds And Infrastructure

The funds for the mission were allocated by the government of India from the 14th Finance Commission and by convergence of MGNREGA scheme funds for the procurement of vehicles and machinery for solid waste management.

Last year the allocated budget for SBM was 494.20 crore, while this year only Rs 325 crore has been kept for the scheme.

The Jammu and Kashmir Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC) said that the Union Territory recycles 52.82% (77.2 MT) of the 146.14 metric tonnes of total plastic waste it generated in the years 2023-24. The UT has 32 operational Plastic Waste Management Units (PMUs), the same number as given by the RDD in its official data, it said. However, the JKPCC data about the waste generation is of municipalities and towns of the 20 districts. Neither the RDD nor the JKPCC have given any data about the waste generated in the 6,650 villages of rural Jammu and Kashmir.

According to the officials of the RDD and RSD rural sanitation, 113 Plastic Waste Management Units (PMU) were built in Jammu and Kashmir, out of which 32 are shown functional.

On paper, the RDD shows that it has procured 1,453 vehicles, including tricycles (637), e-rickshaws (458), and motorised vehicles (358), for transportation of solid waste and has constructed 2,800 segregation sheds in the UT. As per contractors, each segregation shed was built for Rs 7 lakh, while each vehicle was procured at Rs 11 lakh.

A Testimony On The Ground

A case in point is the Kakapora Block in Pulwama district, where the RDD built a Plastic Waste Management Unit (PMU) where waste collected from the whole area was scientifically recycled into fertiliser and reusable plastic. However, the unit has been dysfunctional for the last four months due to objections by the locals and its incomplete construction.

Ali Muhammad Jan, chairman of the sanitation committee, Kakapora, said the unit has been closed for the last three months due to a lack of sufficient machinery, money, and support from the Rural Development employees.

"The machinery in the unit has the capacity of recycling only 5 quintals of solid waste, while the waste generated in Kakapora village is only 10 quintals daily from the 500 households and the shopkeepers. It does not have 24-hour electricity, which makes it dysfunctional given the erratic and unscheduled electricity supply in Kashmir," Jan told ETV Bharat.

He said that deficiency of money for paying wages to the labourers engaged at the unit is also a factor in shutting down the unit, as the sanitation fees collected from the area do not suffice for the wages of the labourers and the driver of the garbage collection vehicle. He said the driver of the vehicle is not paid his wage, and the department owes him Rs 40,000.

"What I felt is there is a complete lack of cooperation from the RDD employees. Such units need more manpower, more machinery, and a 24-hour power supply to run successfully," he added.

Failure Of Waste Management Plan

Social activists said that claims and data being shown by the RDD for solid waste management (SWM) are on the papers only while on the ground the mission has failed.

Raja Muzaffar Bhat, a social activist, said that out of the 4,291 panchayat halqas in Jammu and Kashmir, not a single panchayat has a working SWM system or a functional PMU. "The rural development department built segregation sheds in every panchayat for segregation and collection of solid waste; it installed dustbins in every panchayat by investing crores of rupees. But is there a single shed where the waste is segregated, a single dustbin that is in use in villages? Not a single one," Bhat told ETV Bharat.

Bhat pointed out that before installing dustbins and constructing segregation sheds, the RDD did not make a roadmap about who will collect garbage from these dustbins and segregate the waste at the sheds when it has no human resources to do it.

As per the SBM mission, sanitation committees need to be set up in each panchayat with the support of the block development officers and panchayat secretaries. These sanitation committees, with the assistance of BDOs and the Panchayat Secretary, will collect fees from the residents who will run the SWM program.

"The department did not do capacity building of its employees, of the people, or involve local NGOs, local communities for running the SBM. It could have hired private agencies for IEC or engaged self-help groups or youth clubs to run the program successfully," Bhat said.

Officials Speak

Director General Rural Sanitation Department, Anoo Malhotra, said that the plastic waste management units will be made functional as they had issues with electricity and fencing, which are being done this year.

"Some sheds will be converted into Plastic Waste Management Units so that no solid waste accumulates at the sites. Vehicles bought for solid waste collection need to be operated by sanitation clubs, which the local communities must be setting up," Malhotra said.

She said the behavioural changes of people are being addressed through IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) programs. "People must cooperate in this program to make the Swachh Bharat Mission a real mission for cleaner localities," she said.

Altaf Ahmad, a Panchayat Secretary of the Rural Development Department, said that the SBM program could not be successfully carried on due to a lack of dedicated funds for IEC activities.

"We need a persistent IEC campaign to involve people and social leaders in running solid waste management in rural areas. It needs dedicated funding from the budget so that employees can run the campaign with the local communities," Ahmad told ETV Bharat.

Officials in the RDD said that the main reasons for the failure of the mission were the hurried execution of the mission and lack of proper planning.

"It was done in a hurry. No technical agency or experts were hired to execute it or give capacity building to the employees and workers. The target set up by the officials was not to implement the mission for getting results, but to show construction and purchase of machinery for utilising funds," an official, requesting anonymity, said.

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